When you see blood in your stool, it’s normal for everyone to panic because it’s often associated with serious health issues. However, not all cases of rectal bleeding indicate a severe condition. It could be due to minor issues like hemorrhoids or anal fissures, which, though uncomfortable, aren’t dangerous. Still, it can also be a symptom of underlying digestive conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infections, or, in rare cases, colorectal cancer. The key is knowing what’s normal, what’s not, and when to get checked out.
In this guide, we’ll explore the possible causes of rectal bleeding, warning signs to watch for, and when it’s time to call a doctor. Understanding what’s going on can help you take the right steps, whether that means making minor adjustments at home, monitoring your symptoms, or seeking medical advice.
Possible Causes of Rectal Bleeding
Rectal bleeding can happen for a variety of reasons, some minor, others more serious. The color, amount, and frequency of the blood can help determine the cause. Here are some of the most common reasons you might be seeing blood in your stool:
1. Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the rectum or around the anus, often caused by straining during bowel movements, sitting for long periods, pregnancy, or constipation. They can be internal (inside the rectum, usually painless but may cause bleeding) or external (around the anus, which can be itchy, sore, and swollen).
Common symptoms include bright red blood on toilet paper, discomfort, itching, and a feeling of not fully emptying the bowels. Mild cases can be managed by eating more fiber, drinking plenty of water, and using creams or ointments, while more severe cases may need medical treatments like banding or surgery.
2. Anal Fissures
Anal Fissures happens when small pouches, called diverticula, form in the walls of the colon. It’s usually harmless, but if these pouches get inflamed or infected (diverticulitis), they can cause problems like abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and rectal bleeding.
Bleeding from diverticulosis can be sudden and painless, showing up as bright red or maroon-colored blood in the stool. If diverticulitis develops, symptoms may also include fever and digestive discomfort. Mild cases can be managed with diet changes and antibiotics, but more severe infections may require hospitalization or surgery.
3. Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Diverticulosis happens when small pouches (diverticula) form in the walls of the colon, often due to aging or a low-fiber diet. It usually doesn’t cause symptoms on its own, but if these pouches become inflamed or infected (diverticulitis), it can lead to abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and rectal bleeding.
When bleeding occurs, it often appears as bright red or maroon-colored blood in the stool, sometimes without pain. Mild cases of diverticulitis can be treated with diet changes and antibiotics, but more severe cases may require hospitalization or even surgery to prevent complications.
4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) refers to conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause ongoing inflammation in the digestive tract. This can lead to bloody diarrhea, stomach cramps, weight loss, and constant fatigue.
Managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a long-term process that often involves anti-inflammatory medications, immune system suppressants, and lifestyle changes to keep symptoms under control. In more severe cases, surgery may be needed to remove damaged sections of the intestine and improve quality of life.
5. Gastrointestinal Infections
Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can cause inflammation in the intestines, leading to symptoms like diarrhea with blood or mucus, stomach cramps, fever, and nausea. These infections are often caused by contaminated food, water, or overuse of antibiotics (like C. difficile).
Some infections can resolve on their own with hydration and rest, but others may need antibiotics or other treatments to avoid complications like dehydration or serious intestinal damage. If symptoms are severe or persistent, it’s important to seek medical attention.
6. Polyps and Colorectal Cancer
Polyps are abnormal growths in the lining of the colon or rectum. While most are benign, some can develop into colorectal cancer over time. Rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue can be signs of colorectal cancer.
Since polyps and early-stage colorectal cancer may not always cause symptoms, regular screenings like colonoscopies are essential for early detection and prevention. Treatment options for colorectal cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the stage of the disease.
7. Peptic Ulcers
Peptic ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach or upper small intestine, typically caused by H. pylori bacterial infections or long-term use of NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen and aspirin).
While they primarily cause burning stomach pain, nausea, and bloating, they can also lead to gastrointestinal bleeding, which may appear as dark, tarry stools (melena). Treatment includes acid-reducing medications, antibiotics (if H. pylori is present), and dietary modifications to promote healing and prevent recurrence.
When to See a Doctor
If you notice blood in your stool, it’s essential to monitor the frequency, color, and any accompanying symptoms like pain, weight loss, or changes in bowel habits. Seek medical attention if:
1. Heavy or Persistent Bleeding
If rectal bleeding is frequent, doesn’t stop, or becomes heavy, it could be a sign of a more serious condition, such as diverticular disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or even colorectal cancer. Losing too much blood can also lead to anemia, causing fatigue and weakness. If the bleeding is excessive or continues over multiple bowel movements, medical attention is necessary.
2. Dark or Tarry Stools
Black, tarry stools (also called melena) can indicate bleeding in the upper digestive tract, such as the stomach or small intestine. This type of bleeding is often linked to peptic ulcers, gastritis, or esophageal varices. Since it suggests that blood has been partially digested, it requires immediate medical evaluation to find and treat the cause.
3. Severe Abdominal Pain
Abdominal pain along with rectal bleeding may point to conditions like diverticulitis, IBD, or even bowel obstruction. If the pain is sharp, persistent, or getting worse, it could indicate a serious issue such as an infection, perforation, or inflammation in the intestines. Seeking medical help is crucial to prevent complications.
4. Dizziness
Losing blood, even in small amounts over time, can lead to low blood pressure and reduced oxygen supply to the brain, causing dizziness, lightheadedness, or even fainting. This is a sign that your body isn’t getting enough blood circulation, which can be dangerous. If dizziness occurs along with rectal bleeding, it’s important to get medical care right away.
5. Unexplained Weight Loss
Sudden weight loss without changes in diet or lifestyle can be a warning sign of a serious digestive issue, such as IBD, chronic infections, or colorectal cancer. If rectal bleeding is accompanied by a drop in weight, loss of appetite, or ongoing fatigue, a doctor should evaluate the cause as soon as possible.
Know More About the Rectal Bleeding With Experts
Rectal bleeding can have many causes, ranging from minor issues to more serious conditions like inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer. While some cases may not be a cause for concern, it’s important to pay attention to additional symptoms like abdominal pain, dizziness, or unexplained weight loss to determine when medical attention is needed. If you’re experiencing rectal bleeding and are unsure about the cause, it’s best to seek professional medical advice. Consult Pretoria Gastroenterologist for expert advice and a proper diagnosis to ensure your digestive health is in good hands.